that the bravest achievements were always acplished in the non…age of a nation。
with the increase of merce； england hath lost its spirit。 the city of london； notwithstanding its numbers； submits to continued insults with the patience of a coward。 the more men have to lose； the less willing are they to venture。 the rich are in general slaves to fear； and submit to courtly power with the trembling duplicity of a spaniel。
youth is the seed time of good habits； as well in nations as in individuals。
it might be difficult； if not impossible； to form the continent into one government half a century hence。 the vast variety of interests； occasioned by an increase of trade and population； would create confusion。
colony would be against colony。 each being able might scorn each others assistance： and while the proud and foolish gloried in their little distinctions； the wise would lament； that the union had not been formed before。
wherefore； the present time is the true time for establishing it。
the intimacy which is contracted in infancy； and the friendship which is formed in misfortune； are； of all others； the most lasting and unalterable。
our present union is marked with both these characters： we are young and we have been distressed； but our concord hath withstood our troubles； and fixes a memorable are for posterity to glory in。
the present time； likewise； is that peculiar time； which never happens to a nation but once； viz。 the time of forming itself into a government。
most nations have let slip the opportunity； and by that means have been pelled to receive laws from their conquerors； instead of making laws for themselves。 first； they had a king； and then a form of government； whereas； the articles or charter of government； should be formed first； and men delegated to execute them afterward but from the errors of other nations； let us learn wisdom； and lay hold of the present opportunity ……to begin government at the right end。
when william the conqueror subdued england； he gave them law at the point of the sword； and until we consent； that the seat of government； in america； be legally and authoritatively occupied； we shall be in danger of having it filled by some fortunate ruffian； who may treat us in the same manner； and then； where will be our freedom？ where our property？ as to religion； i hold it to be the indispensable duty of all government； to protect all conscientious professors thereof； and i know of no other business which government hath to do therewith； let a man throw aside that narrowness of soul； that selfishness of principle； which the niggards of all professions are willing to part with； and he will be at delivered of his fears on that head。 suspicion is the panion of mean souls； and the bane of all good society。 for myself； i fully and conscientiously believe； that it is the will of the almighty； that there should be diversity of religious opinions among us： it affords a larger field for our christian kindness。 were we all of one way of thinking； our religious dispositions would want matter for probation； and on this liberal principle； i look on the various denominations among us； to be like children of the same family； differing only； in what is called； their christian names。
in page forty； i threw out a few thoughts on the propriety of a continental charter； （for i only presume to offer hints； not plans） and in this place； i take the liberty of rementioning the subject； by observing； that a charter is to be understood as a bond of solemn obligation； which the whole enters into； to support the right of every separate part； whether of religion； personal freedom； or property。
a firm bargain and a right reckoning make long friends。
in a former page i likewise mentioned the necessity of a large and equal representation； and there is no political matter which more deserves our attention。 a small number of electors； or a small number of representatives； are equally dangerous。
but if the number of the representatives be not only small； but unequal； the danger is increased。 as an instance of this； i mention the following； when the associators petition was before the house of assembly of pennsylvania； twenty…eight members only were present； all the bucks county members； being eight； voted against it； and had seven of the chester members done the same； this whole province had been governed by two counties only； and this danger it is always exposed to。
the unwarrantable stretch likewise； which that house made in their last sitting； to gain an undue authority over the delegates of that province； ought to warn the people at large； how they trust power out of their own hands。 a set of instructions for the delegates were put together； which in point of sense and business would have dishonoured a schoolboy； and after being approved by a few； a very few without doors； were carried into the house； and there passed in behalf of the whole colony； whereas； did the whole colony know； with what ill…will that house hath entered on some necessary public measures； they would not hesitate a moment to think them unworthy of such a trust。
immediate necessity makes many things convenient； which if continued would grow into oppressions。 expedience and right are different things。
when the calamities of america required a consultation； there was no method so ready； or at that time so proper； as to appoint persons from the several houses of assembly for that purpose； and the wisdom with which they have proceeded hath preserved this continent from ruin。
but as it is more than probable that we shall never be without a congress； every well wisher to good order； must own； that the mode for choosing members of that body； deserves consideration。 and i put it as a question to those； who make a study of mankind； whether representation and election is not too great a power for one and the same body of men to possess？ when we are planning for posterity； we ought to remember； that virtue is not hereditary。
it is from our enemies that we often gain excellent maxims； and are frequently surprised into reason by their mistakes； mr。 cornwall （one of the lords of the treasury） treated the petition of the new…york assembly with contempt； because that house； he said； consisted but of twenty…six members； which trifling number； he argued； could not with decency be put for the whole。 we thank him for his involuntary honesty。
＇those who would fully understand of what great consequence a large and equal representation is to a state； should read burghs political disquisitions。＇ to conclude； however strange it may appear to some； or however unwilling they may be to think so； matters not； but many strong and striking reasons may be given； to shew； that nothing can settle our affairs so expeditiously as an open and determined declaration for independance。 some of which are； first。 …… it is the custom of nations； when any two are at war； for some other powers； not engaged in the quarrel； to step in as mediators； and bring about the preliminaries of a peace： hut while america calls herself the subject of great britain； no power； however well disposed she may be； can offer her mediation。 wherefore； in our present state we may quarrel on for ever。
secondly。 …… it is unreasonable to suppose； that france or spain will give us any kind of assistance； if we mean only； to make use of that assistance for the purpose of repairing the breach； and strengthening the connection between britain and america； because； those powers would be sufferers by the consequences。
thirdly。 …… while we profess ourselves the subjects of britain； we must； in the eye of foreign nations。 be considered as rebels。 the precedent is somewhat dangerous to their peace； for men to be in arms under the name of subjects； we； on the spot； can solve the paradox： but to unite resistance and subjection； requires an idea much too refined for mon understanding。
fourthly。 …… were a manifesto to be published； and despatched to foreign courts； setting forth the miseries we have endured； and the peaceable methods we have ineffectually used for redress； declaring； at the same time； that not being able； any longer； to live happily or safely under the cruel disposition of the british court； we had been driven to the necessity of breaking off all connections with her； at the same time； assuring all such courts of our peaceable disposition towards them； and of our desire of entering into trade with them： such a memorial would produce more good effects to this continent； than if a ship were freighted with petitions to britain。
under our present denomination of british subjects； we can neither be received nor heard abroad： the custom of all courts is against us； and will be so； until； by an independance； we take rank with other nations。
these proceedings may at first appear strange and difficult； but； like all other steps which we have already passed over； will in a little time bee familiar and agreeable； and； until an independance is declared； the continent will feel itself like a man who continues putting off some unpleasant business from day to day； yet knows it must be done； hates to set about it； wishes it over； and is continually haunted with th