habitant in america so ignorant as not to know； that according to what is called the present constitution； that this continent can make no laws but what the king gives leave to； and is there any man so unwise； as not to see； that （considering what has happened） he will suffer no law to be made here； but such as suit his purpose。 we may be as effectually enslaved by the want of laws in america； as by submitting to laws made for us in england。
after matters are made up （as it is called） can there be any doubt； but the whole power of the crown will be exerted； to keep this continent as low and humble as possible？ instead of going forward we shall go backward； or be perpetually quarrelling or ridiculously petitioning。
……we are already greater than the king wishes us to be； and will he not hereafter endeavour to make us less？ to bring the matter to one point。
is the power who is jealous of our prosperity； a proper power to govern us？ whoever says no to this question； is an independant； for independancy means no more； than； whether we shall make our own laws； or whether the king； the greatest enemy this continent hath； or can have； shall tell us 〃there shall be no laws but such as i like。〃 but the king you will say has a negative in england； the people there can make no laws without his consent。 in point of right and good order； there is something very ridiculous； that a youth of twenty…one （which hath often happened） shall say to several millions of people； older and wiser than himself； i forbid this or that act of yours to be law。
but in this place i decline this sort of reply； though i will never cease to expose the absurdity of it； and only answer； that england being the kings residence； and america not so； makes quite another case。 the kings negative here is ten times more dangerous and fatal than it can be in england； for there he will scarcely refuse his consent to a bill for putting england into as strong a state of defense as possible； and in america he would never suffer such a bill to be passed。
america is only a secondary object in the system of british politics； england consults the good of this country； no farther than it answers her own purpose。 wherefore； her own interest leads her to suppress the growth of ours in every case which doth not promote her advantage； or in the least interferes with it。 a pretty state we should soon be in under such a secondhand government； considering what has happened！ men do not change from enemies to friends by the alteration of a name： and in order to shew that reconciliation now is a dangerous doctrine； i affirm； that it would be policy in the king at this time； to repeal the acts for the sake of reinstating himself in the government of the provinces； in order； that he may acplish by craft and subtlety； in the long run； what he cannot do by force and violence in the short one。
reconciliation and ruin are nearly related。
secondly。 that as even the best terms； which we can expect to obtain； can amount to no more than a temporary expedient； or a kind of government by guardianship； which can last no longer than till the colonies e of age； so the general face and state of things； in the interim； will be unsettled and unpromising。 emigrants of property will not choose to e to a country whose form of government hangs but by a thread； and who is every day tottering on the brink of motion and disturbance； and numbers of the present inhabitants would lay hold of the interval； to dispense of their effects； and quit the continent。
but the most powerful of all arguments； is； that nothing but independence； i。e。 a continental form of government； can keep the peace of the continent and preserve it inviolate from civil wars。 i dread the event of a reconciliation with britain now； as it is more than probable； that it will be followed by a revolt somewhere or other； the consequences of which may be far more fatal than all the malice of britain。
thousands are already ruined by british barbarity； （thousands more will probably suffer the same fate） those men have other feelings than us who have nothing suffered。 all they now possess is liberty； what they before enjoyed is sacrificed to its service； and having nothing more to lose； they disdain submission。 besides； the general temper of the colonies； towards a british government； will be like that of a youth； who is nearly out of his time； they will care very little about her。
and a government which cannot preserve the peace； is no government at all； and in that case we pay our money for nothing； and pray what is it that britain can do； whose power will he wholly on paper。 should a civil tumult break out the very day after reconciliation！ i have heard some men say； many of whom i believe spoke without thinking； that they dreaded an independence； fearing that it would produce civil wars。
it is but seldom that our first thoughts are truly correct； and that is the case here； for there are ten times more to dread from a patched up connection than from independence。 i make the sufferers case my own； and i protest； that were i driven from house and home； my property destroyed； and my circumstances ruined； that as man； sensible of injuries； i could never relish the doctrine of reconciliation； or consider myself bound thereby。
the colonies have manifested such a spirit of good order and obedience to continental government； as is sufficient to make every reasonable person easy and happy on that head。 no man can assign the least pretence for his fears； on any other grounds； than such as are truly childish and ridiculous； viz。 that one colony will be striving for superiority over another。
where there are no distinctions there can be no superiority； perfect equality affords no temptation。 the republics of europe are all （and we may say always） in peace。 holland and switzerland are without wars； foreign or domestic： monarchical governments； it is true； are never long at rest； the crown itself is a temptation to enterprising ruffians at home； and that degree of pride and insolence ever attendant on regal authority； swells into a rupture with foreign powers； in instances； where a republican government； by being formed on more natural principles； would negotiate the mistake。
if there is any true cause of fear respecting independence； it is because no plan is yet laid down。 men do not see their way out…… wherefore； as an opening into that business； i offer the following hints； at the same time modestly affirming； that i have no other opinion of them myself； than that they may be the means of giving rise to something better。 could the straggling thoughts of individuals be collected； they would frequently form materials for wise and able men to improve into useful matter。
let the assemblies be annual； with a president only。
the representation more equal。 their business wholly domestic； and subject to the authority of a continental congress。
let each colony be divided into six； eight； or ten； convenient districts； each district to send a proper number of delegates to congress； so that each colony send at least thirty。 the whole number in congress will be at least 390。 each congress to sit and to choose a president by the following method。 when the delegates are met； let a colony be taken from the whole thirteen colonies by lot； after which； let the whole congress choose （by ballot） a president from out of the delegates of that province。
in the next congress； let a colony be taken by lot from twelve only； omitting that colony from which the president was taken in the former congress； and so proceeding on till the whole thirteen shall have had their proper rotation。
and in order that nothing may pass into a law but what is satisfactorily just not less than three fifths of the congress to be called a majority…… he that will promote discord； under a government so equally formed as this； would have joined lucifer in his revolt。
but as there is a peculiar delicacy； from whom； or in what manner； this business must first arise； and as it seems most agreeable and consistent； that it should e from some intermediate body between the governed and the governors； that is； between the congress and the people。 let a continental conference be held； in the following manner； and for the following purpose。
a mittee of twenty…six members of congress； viz。 two for each colony。
two members from each house of assembly； or provincial convention； and five representatives of the people at large； to be chosen in the capital city or town of each province； for and in behalf of the whole province； by as many qualified voters as shall think proper to attend from all parts of the province for that purpose； or； if more convenient； the representatives may be chosen in two or three of the most populous parts thereof。 in this conference； thus assembled； will be united； the two grand principles of business knowledge and power。 the members of congress； assemblies； or conventions； by having had experience in national concerns； will be able and useful counsellors； and the whole； being empowered by the people； will have a truly legal authority。
the conferring members being met； let their business be to frame a continental charte