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route［ru：t］n。 路线；路程
例句 1。 Through this route； people would be able to enter the southern areas of America。 通过这条路线，人们可以到达美国南部区域。
2。 Rock paintings in the Sahara prove that horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert and there were trade routes across the Sahara。 撒哈拉沙漠中的岩石壁画证明马匹和车辆曾被用作穿越沙漠的工具，而且存在横穿撒哈拉的贸易路线。
3。 The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into more accessible route of trade and communication。 骆驼把沙漠从一个障碍转变成一个可以通行的贸易和交流路线。
rural［'rur？l］a。 乡村的，农村的；田园的
例句 1。 Increased agricultural production made great contributions to the development of the rural industry。 日益增长的农业生产对乡村工业的发展作出了极大的贡献。
2。 Cities are warmer than the surrounding rural areas； which produces a phenomenon called the urban heat island。 城市比周围的农村地区温度要高，这产生了一种称做城市热岛的现象。
3。 A deep attachment to the land and the stability which rural life engendered； fostered the Roman virtues。 对土地深深的依恋以及乡村生活的稳定性造就了罗马人的美德。
screen［skri：n］n。 屏幕 v。 掩蔽；筛选；审查
例句 1。 The new technological and aesthetic developments included the use of color； new screen formats； and television。 新的技术和美学发展包括颜色的使用、新的屏幕格式和电视机。
2。 Camera at that time was a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground…glass screen or a piece of white paper。 那个时代的照相机是一种类似盒子的设备，通过针孔或透镜将影像投射到毛玻璃屏幕或一张白纸上面。
3。 She methodically screened and cultured some of the soil samples and then sent them to her partner。 她系统地筛选并培养了一些土壤的样本，然后把它们送到了合作者那里。
要点 screen在介绍计算机等电子产品的时候十分常见，但它还可以表示“审查；筛选”。
seasonal［'si：z？nl］a。 季节的；随季节而变化的；周期性的
例句 1。 The changes in daily and seasonal climates occurred before the retreat of the seas back into the major ocean basins。 日常和季节性的气候变化发生在海水退回到主要的海洋盆地之前。
2。 The warming or cooling of the Earth； changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean currents and changing positions of the continents are supposed to be the reason of the mass extinction。 地球变暖或变冷，季节性变动或洋流的改变，以及大陆板块位置的改变都被认为是大灭绝的原因。
secure［s？'kjur］v。 获得；确保
例句 1。 By singing loudly； the birds could possibly secure more food and result in faster growth or larger size。 通过高声鸣叫，鸟儿或许可以得到更多的食物，这样就可以生长得更快，体型也变得更大。
2。 Although dry periods forced people to move south； they returned once their food supply was secured。 尽管干旱期迫使人们向南迁移，但是当粮食的供应得到保障时，他们就会返回。
3。 The situation required that they must exploit larger areas of land to secure the same amount of food； clothing； and other necessities。 形势要求他们必须开发更大面积的土地以保证获得相同数量的食物、衣服和其他必需品。
要点 我们都很熟悉secure作为“确保安全”的含义，如：secure a place；但是要注意这个词表示“获得”的含义也很常见，比如：secure food“获得食物”。
settle［'setl］v。 安定；定居；解决
搭配 settle down 平静；定居，过安定的生活
例句 1。 Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud。 微生物定居在海底，并积聚在海泥中。
2。 Contrary to the arguments that much of the Pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift； it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization。 有说法认为，因意外迷路和漂泊而最终孤立无援的波利尼西亚人在太平洋的大部分地区定居，相反的说法则认为这些功绩是通过有目的的殖民远征而实现的。
3。 His hypothesis received support for the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast； suggesting that this region has been settled the longest。 他的假设得到了支持是基于这样的事实：美国本土语言的多样性出现于西海岸，意味着这里是人们最早定居的地方。
settlement［'setlm？nt］n。 解决；住宅区；定居
例句 1。 The settlement was inhabited by people who came from the nearby areas。 从附近地区过来的人们住在了这个住宅区。
2。 Hundreds of tiny plants still showed how the inhabitants exploited nut in nearby oak forests； but as the climate dried up； the forests retreated from the vicinity of the settlement。 数百棵矮小的植物仍然显示了居民们如何在附近的橡树林中采集坚果，然而当气候变得干燥时，森林向离居住地更远的方向后退了。
要点 settlement虽然有“解决”的含义，但是在有关自然科学和环境科学的文章中，这个单词作为“定居”的含义更加常见。
sibling［'sibli？］n。 兄弟姊妹
例句 1。 More of a nestling's genes will be passed to the next generation if there is enough food for its siblings to survive。 如果幼鸟的兄弟姐妹们能有足够的食物维持生存的话，那么它的更多基因都将传给下一代。
2。 For most of us； only a few events could be remembered when we were children — usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive； such as being hospitalized or a sibling's birth。 对于我们中的大多数人来说，当我们还是儿童的时候仅仅能记得一些事情——通常是那些意义重大或与众不同的事情，比如住院或者弟弟妹妹的出生。
3。 A begging nestling that secures food at the expense of putting their siblings at risk might actually leave behind fewer copies of its genes overall than it might otherwise。 实际上，通过乞求的鸣叫来使自己获得足够的食物，却将兄弟姐妹们置于危险之中的雏鸟留下的基因总数与不采取这种方法的雏鸟相比要少。
soak［souk］v。 浸泡，浸湿
搭配 soak up the sun 沐浴阳光
例句 In the city； rainwater cannot soak into most surfaces； so it will quickly run off。 在城市中，雨水不能渗透大多数地面，因此会迅速流失。
spill［spil］v。（使）溢出；跌下 n。 溢出的东西
例句 This study gives an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment。 该研究针对石油泄漏会对环境造成的影响作出分析。
同义 overflow（v。 溢出）
派生 spillage（n。 溢出）
spot［spɑ：t］n。 地点；斑点 v。 认出；用点作记号
搭配 on the spot 当场，在现场
例句 1。 Butterflies also compete with each other for the best spot of sunlight in the forests。 在森林中，蝴蝶也会互相竞争光照最充足的地点。
2。 The girl was spotted in an amateur competition when she was sixteen。 她在16岁参加业余竞赛时被发掘。
同义 position（n。 地点）；identify； recognize（v。 认出）
派生 spotlight（n。 聚光灯）
spout［spaut］n。 喷出，涌出；（茶壶等的）嘴
例句 1。 Although this rise of oil is almost always controlled today； spouts of oil or gushers were common at that time。 尽管这种石油向上喷涌的现象在今天几乎已经得到控制，但在那个时候，石油上涌或井喷都是很普遍的。
2。 The Chinese adapted many specific vessel forms from the West； such as bottles with long spouts； and made some vessels with decorative patterns especially for the European market。 中国人采用了很多西方特定器皿的样子，比如长嘴瓶，另外还制造了一些印有专为欧洲市场设计的装饰图案的器皿。
strike［straik］v。 敲，打；使突然想到；罢工；袭击 n。 罢工；袭击
例句 1。 Lightning that strikes the ground is destructive； so even though it represents only 20 percent of all lightning； there are a lot of scientists paying attention to it。 打到地上的闪电很有破坏力，尽管只有20％的闪电会打到地上，仍然有很多科学家对此表示关注。
2。 The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall…pointed structure just like a metal flagpole； that's why the subsequent lightning often strikes a tall structure。 与云中的电子团相遇的正电子束通常是从有着尖顶的高层建筑上方升起，而这种建筑就像金属旗杆一样，这就是为何随后的闪电往往会击中高层建筑。
3。 Volatile substances usually strike the hound's nose for their distinctive scents。 挥发性物质通常因为特殊的气味而被猎犬闻到。
同义 attack（v。 侵袭）；smack（v。 打，击）；walkout（n。 罢工）
supplement［'s？plim？nt］n。 补充；增刊；附录［'s？pliment］v。 补充
例句 Most of the poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home in an attempt to supplement meager family income。 多数贫困的农民在家里纺织布匹和亚麻，试图贴补微薄的家用。
派生 supplementary（a。 补充的）
要点 supplement通常指的是营养、经济方面的补充或是书籍的补编，比如：a supplement to government funding“对政府款项的补充”。
surrounding［s？'raundi？］n。［常 pl。］周围的事物，环境 a。 周围的
例句 1。 No matter how the surroundings were changed； as long as the birds could see the Sun； they could find the directions correctly。 无论周围环境发生何种改变，鸟儿只要能看到太阳，就可以准确无误地找到方向。
2。 With respect to the surroundings； the position of this device could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls。 至于环境，该装置可以通过旋转内部鸟笼和外墙来改变位置。
3。 In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun and all the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air。 冬天，城市产生的热量可以达到或超过太阳可以提供的热量，而且所有用来供暖的热量最后都会转移到周围的空气中。
要点 surrounding一词由surround“环境”变化而来，通常指的是周遭环境，要注意与environment区别，后者多指“自然环境”。
terrace［'ter？s］n。 排屋；露天阶梯看台；梯田
例句 In the thirteenth century； some scholars thought strongly that the construction of small dams； reservoirs； terraces and field houses had no relation to the growth in the number of people。 在13世纪，很多学者强烈地认为小型水坝、水库、梯田�