同义 flow away(流走)
drainage['dreini?]n。 排水;排水系统,排水装置
例句 Extensive irrigation with poor drainage makes the surface of the soil salty; which reduces water and air absorption。 过度灌溉和排水不畅使土地表层盐化,这导致土壤对水分和空气的吸收有所减少。
electrical[i'lektrikl]a。 电的,与电有关的
例句 1。 Lightning is a brilliant flash of light created by an electrical discharge from storm clouds。 闪电是暴风云放电产生的一道明亮的闪光。
2。 Changes in the electrical pattern of the brain show that the stimulus is getting through to the central nervous system and evoking some form of response。 大脑电波模式的改变显示刺激已通过中枢神经系统,并引发了一些形式的反应。
escape[i'skeip]n。/v。 逃脱;渗出;躲避
例句 1。 The theater can be seen as one tool for people to define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities。 戏剧可以看作人们定义和理解他们世界的工具,也是逃避不愉快现实的工具。
2。 The surface…to…volume ratio of bigger animals is usually lower; that's to say; they have proportionately less surface through which heat can escape。 对于体积较大的动物,其体表面积与体积之比通常较低,也就是说,它们只有较少的体表面积可以散热。
3。 After 1815; improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self…sufficient lifestyle and enter a national market economy。 1815年之后,更加发达的交通工具使越来越多的西方农民摆脱了自给自足的生活方式,进入了市场经济模式。
exhaust[ig'z?:st]v。(使)非常疲倦;耗尽 n。(机器排出的)废气
搭配 exhaust emission 尾气排放
例句 1。 During the period of a shorter drought; if they exhausted their stored food supplies; they would get in deep trouble since growing crops required rain rather than reservoirs。 在短暂的干旱时期,如果他们耗尽了储存的粮食,将使自己陷入严重的困境,因为种植作物更需要的是雨水而不是水库中的水。
2。 He returned from the gym; too exhausted to eat dinner。 他从健身房回来后精疲力竭,连饭都懒得吃了。
fertilizer['f?:rt?laiz?r]n。 肥料,化肥
例句 They applied more fertilizers to supply more nutrients to plants。 为了给植物提供更多的营养,他们增加了肥料的使用量。
fiber['faib?r]n。 纤维;光纤
例句 The rope of the late Ice Age found in the French cave consists of fibers spiraling to the right; proving that it was tressed by a right…handed person。 在法国岩洞里发现的冰河时代晚期的绳子是由向右旋转的纤维制成的,证明它是由右撇子的人拧成的。
派生 fibrous(a。 含纤维的)
flat[fl?t]a。 平坦的;(价格)固定的;单调的
例句 On the flat plains; he saw moraines; that reminded him of the terminal moraines found at the end of valley glaciers in the Alps。 在平坦的平原上,他看到了冰碛石,这让他想起在阿尔卑斯山山谷的冰河尽头发现的终碛。
float[flout]v。(使)漂浮,(使)浮动,(使)飘动
例句 1。 Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles and traveled across the bare mountain flanks。 足够轻的孢子可以随着微风飘荡几千公里,飘过荒山的侧峰。
2。 Saturn belongs to the outer planets and has a density of only 0。7 that of water; which means it would float in water。 土星属于带外行星,其密度只有水的70%,也就意味着它会漂浮在水上。
3。 Some small local canals allow only small rafts of timber to float。 一些本地小的运河只能使小木筏在上面漂浮。
同义 drift[v。(使)漂浮]
foodstuff['fu:dst?f]n。 食料,食品;饮料
例句 At a time when maintaining low prices was especially important; the Dutch imported grain and other products since they had the demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods。 当维持低廉价格极其重要的时候,由于对其他食品和生活消费品的需求,荷兰人进口了粮食和其他产品。
forage['f?:ri?]n。 草料,饲料 v。 觅食
例句 1。 People exploited the landscape intensively; foraging for wild cereal grasses and nuts on hill slopes。 人们仔细搜索这片土地,在山坡上寻找野生谷物作物和坚果。
2。 Goats forage across the field in large numbers。 山羊成群结队地在田野上搜寻食物。
同义 feed; fodder(n。 草料,饲料);rummage(v。 搜寻)
freight[freit]n。 货运;运费 v。 运送货物;装货于(船等)
例句 1。 At first; steamboats were used to transport passengers rather than freight。 轮船最初用于运送乘客而不是货物。
2。 The seafood was shipped in refrigerated freight cars。 海鲜是用冷藏货车运输的。
同义 cargo(n。 货运)
fringe[frin?]n。 须边,边缘 v。 成为…的边缘
例句 1。 The nomadic and daring settlers kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement in search of new homes。 勇敢的游牧者们继续向西前进,越过了居住地的边界以寻找新的家园。
2。 The plant has spread rapidly; so mudflats with marshy fringes were changed into extensive salt meadows and the number and kinds of birds and animals living in the marsh was reduced。 植物生长得非常迅速,使沼泽边缘的湿地都变成了广阔的盐土草地,因而生长在湿地中的鸟类和动物的数量和品种都有所减少。
frozen['frouzn]a。 冻结的
例句 1。 There is very little evidence of liquid water on Mars; and there was only frozen water beneath the planet's surface。 几乎没有证据表明火星上存在液态的水,只有火星地表下面存在凝结的水。
2。 The mammoths' soft parts; including skin; hair; and viscera were preserved in frozen soil or in the oozing tar of oil seeps。 包括猛犸象的皮肤、毛发、内脏等软组织被保存在了冻土或石油渗透时渗出的焦油中。
要点 该词是动词freeze的过去分词形式,作为形容词表示“冻结的”,除了在托福阅读中常见的frozen soil; frozen ground等搭配以外,frozen food“冷冻食品”这个搭配也很常见。
fuel['fju:?l]n。 燃料;刺激因素 v。 给…加燃料;激起;推动
例句 1。 Firewood is the major fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries。 在许多国家,柴火是用来做饭和取暖的主要燃料。
2。 Although this“atmospheric engine”embodied revolutionary principles; it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed。 尽管“大气发动机”呈现出革命性的工作原理,但它却很慢,而且浪费燃料,因此无法依照它所设计的初衷在煤矿以外的地方使用。
3。 The extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous and the high concentration of Ir found in deposited clay have fueled the development of a new hypothesis。 白垩纪晚期的灭绝和沉积的岩石中发现的高浓度铱元素推动了一个新假说的发展。
要点 fuel在托福考试的阅读文章中,通常以名词形式出现,但fuel也可以用作动词,表示“推动,为…添加动力”,如:fuel the development of a new hypothesis。
furnace['f?:rnis]n。 火炉,熔炉;暖气锅炉
搭配 blast furnace 鼓风炉
例句 While American iron makers developed the latest furnaces; African iron makers were still using earlier techniques。 当美国的铁匠制造出最新的火炉时,非洲的铁匠们仍在使用早期的技术。
同义 oven; kiln(n。 火炉,熔炉)
fuse[fju:z]v。 熔合;熔化 n。 保险丝;导火线
例句 The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into potash。 生成物被进一步加热,以熔合从而生成碳酸钾。
同义 mix; melt(v。 熔合);combine(v。 合并)
harsh[hɑ:r?]a。 刺耳的;粗糙的;恶劣的
例句 1。 The camel's abilities to live in harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads made it an effective and efficient means of transportation。 骆驼能在恶劣的沙漠环境中生存,并能承载沉重货物,这样的能力使它们成为一种高效的运输方式。
2。 In this case; iron offers less resistance to fire and harsh weather than other materials。 在这种情况下,铁在抵抗火和严酷天气方面不如其他材料。
同义 severe(a。 恶劣的);raspy(a。 刺耳的)
herbicide['?:rbisaid]n。 除草剂
例句 To control the development of the Spartina; there are various methods; such as burning; flooding; shading plants with black canvas or plastic; smothering the plants with dredged materials or clay; applying herbicide; and mowing repeatedly。 有许多种方法可以控制米草属植物的生长,比如焚烧、水淹、用黑色帆布或塑料布遮挡、用疏浚材料或黏土使其窒息、喷洒除草剂,以及反复修剪等。
horn[h?:rn]n。(牛、羊等的)角;喇叭;警报器
例句 Because of the natural weapons like horns; hunters avoided deer and reindeer。 因为鹿和驯鹿拥有犄角这一天然武器,因此捕猎者会躲避它们。
同义 trumpet(n。 号角;喇叭)
horticulture['h?:rtik?l??r]n。 园艺,园艺学
例句 Because the Dutch specialized in dairy farming; industrial crops; and horticulture; the country was more productive than some other regions in Europe。 由于荷兰人专注于乳品业、经济作物种植和园艺,所以这个国家比欧洲其他地区更多产。
household['haushould]n。 家庭,全家人 a。 家庭的;家喻户晓的
搭配 household appliances 家用电器;household word 家喻户晓的词语
例句 1。 In the thirteenth century; people in this area went from living in scattered independent households to living in large towns。 在13世纪,这一地区的人们开始从分散的独立家庭转变为到更大的镇子上居住。
2。 If you are constantly on the move; you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses — this rule limits the variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households。 如果你一直在迁移,就无法积累大量的剩余材料——这个规则限制了田园家庭间的物质累积。
humidity[hju:'mid?ti]n。 湿度;潮湿
搭配 relative humidity 相对湿度
例句 1。 Compared to the normal growing season; high temperatures; low humidity; and different day lengths of the dry season may bring difficulties to some crops。 与正常的生长期相比,干旱期的高温、低湿度、不同长度的白昼会给庄稼生长带来困难。
2。 The landscape of the city becomes a heat island readily because of greater water runoff and special climatic conditions such as low relative humidity and increased air turbulence。 由于这个城市较大的径流量和特殊的气候条件,例如较低的相对湿度和逐渐增强的气流, 这里形成了热岛地貌。
3。 Living in this